Solutions consist of a liquid which has a solid dissolved or dispersed throughout it. The liquid medium is known as the solvent and the solid is known as the solute. The concentration of a solution is expressed in terms of how many milligrams of solids are contained per liter of liquid (mg/L). A standard solution is…
The glassware used in wastewater laboratories is constructed from specialized borosilicate glass. There are several types of glassware. Each type has a variety of uses based on the level of accuracy required. To properly read the volume of liquid in glassware, the level is measured to the bottom of the meniscus. Glassware should always be…
Laboratory tests are critical for the efficient control of the wastewater treatment plant as well as for the effluent monitoring required by discharge permits. Having a laboratory at your disposal is one of the most valuable assets a wastewater operator can have. Good operators turn to the laboratory for much of the information they need…
Just beyond the visible light spectrum there is a band of electromagnetic radiation that we commonly refer to as ultraviolet (UV) light. When ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the cells of microorganisms it damages the genetic material in such a way that the organisms are no longer able to grow or reproduce, thus ultimately killing…
1. Convert 3 cubic yards into gallons 2. Convert 1 acre-ft/day into gpm 3. Convert 15 cfs into gpm 4. Convert 3 mgd to cfs 5. Convert 400 psi into feet of head Answers: 1. 3 cu yrd X 27 cuft/cuyrd = 81 cuft X 7.48 gal/cuft = 605.88 or 606 gal 2. 1 acre-ft/day…
1. Job specifications refer to _. a. the functional elements of a position b. the information gained from employees who hold various positions c. the personal or human qualities necessary to perform the job adequately d. the principal duties and functions of the various jobs, including the scope and kinds of authority related to those…
Sulfur dioxide is the most popular chemical method used for dechlorination to date. The reason for the popularity of sulfur dioxide is that it uses existing chlorination equipment and makes extensive training of operators unnecessary. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. SO2 may be cooled and compressed to a liquid….
Inflow and Infiltration is a major concern with most collection systems. Inflow is the excess rainwater that enters the system very soon after the rain begins and can normally be traced to unsealed manholes and an illegal connection such as roof downspouts, parking lot and yard drains. Infiltration is the excess water that continues to…
The operation of force main-lift station systems is usually automated and does not require continuous on-site operator presence. However, annual force main route inspections are recommended to ensure normal functioning and to identify potential problems. Special attention is given to the integrity of the force main surface and pipeline connections, unusual noise, vibration, pipe and…
Hypochlorination Systems A typical hypochlorination system will consist of: * A solution tank holding bleach or an HTH solution * A chemical feed pump, usually a diaphragm-type pump * A tee into the well line as the point of application The solution tank should hold at least a one-day supply of chlorine solution. If the…
